The formula
A fixed-rate loan is repaid with the same payment every month for its whole term: that fixed amount is what “EMI” refers to. It’s calculated from the loan amount, the monthly interest rate and the number of payments:
EMI = P × r × (1 + r)ⁿ / ((1 + r)ⁿ − 1)
where P is the loan amount, r is the interest rate per month (the annual rate ÷ 12 ÷ 100), and n is the number of monthly payments (years × 12). It’s the standard formula used by every bank, and every other loan calculator you’ll find: the same maths, just presented differently.
Why the interest-to-principal split changes every month
Interest is charged only on the balance still owed, recalculated fresh each month. In month one of a 30-year loan, almost the entire balance is still outstanding, so most of the fixed payment goes to interest, with only a small piece paying down principal. Twenty years in, most of the original balance is gone, so the same fixed payment now goes mostly to principal.
This is why a loan’s balance barely moves in the early years even though you’re paying faithfully every month: it’s completely normal, not a sign anything is wrong.
What paying extra actually does
Every dollar (or rupee, or euro) paid beyond the required payment goes straight to principal, and principal you no longer owe never accrues interest for the rest of the loan. That compounds: paying down the balance faster now means every future month charges interest on a smaller number too.
That’s why a fairly modest extra payment can save a disproportionate amount of interest and cut real years off a long loan: the savings come from every month you don’t pay interest on money you no longer owe, not just from the extra payment itself.
Reading the yearly table
Each row sums twelve months of payments into one line: how much of that year went to principal, how much to interest, and what’s left owed at the end of the year. Early rows lean heavily toward interest; later rows flip the other way. The last row always ends at a balance of exactly zero: the loan paid off in full, on schedule.